Breakdown of the static picture of defect energetics in halide perovskites: the case of the Br vacancy in CsPbBr3

We consider the Br vacancy in CsPbBr3 as a prototype for the impact of structural dynamics on defect energetics in halide perovskites (HaPs). Using first-principles molecular dynamics based on density functional theory, we find that the static picture of defect energetics breaks down; the energy of the Br vacancy level is found to be intrinsically dynamic, oscillating by as much as 1 eV on the ps time scale at room temperature. These significant energy fluctuations are correlated with the distance between the neighboring Pb atoms across the vacancy and with the electrostatic potential at these Pb atomic sites. We expect this unusually strong coupling of structural dynamics and defect energetics to bear important implications for both experimental and theoretical analysis of defect characteristics in HaPs. It may also hold significant ramifications for carrier transport and defect tolerance in this class of photovoltaic materials.Comment: 5 figures, 1 tabl

Geometrical and electronic structures of the (5, 3) single-walled gold nanotube from first-principles calculations

The geometrical and electronic structures of the 4 {\AA} diameter perfect and deformed (5, 3) single-walled gold nanotube (SWGT) have been studied based upon the density-functional theory in the local-density approximation (LDA). The calculated relaxed geometries show clearly significant deviations from those of the ideally rolled triangular gold sheet. It is found that the different strains have different effects on the electronic structures and density of states of the SWGTs. And the small shear strain can reduce the binding energy per gold atom of the deformed SWGT, which is consistent with the experimentally observed result. Finally, we found the finite SWGT can show the metal-semiconductor transition.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure

First-Principles Calculation of the Bulk Photovoltaic Effect in Bismuth Ferrite

We compute the bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE) in BiFeO3 using first-principles shift current theory, finding good agreement with experimental results. Furthermore, we reconcile apparently contradictory observations: by examining the contributions of all photovoltaic response tensor components and accounting for the geometry and ferroelectric domain structure of the experimental system, we explain the apparent lack of BPVE response in striped polydomain samples that is at odds with the significant response observed in monodomain samples. We reveal that the domain-wall-driven response in striped polydomain samples is partially mitigated by the BPVE, suggesting that enhanced efficiency could be obtained in materials with cooperative rather than antagonistic interaction between the two mechanisms

Post density functional theoretical studies of highly polar semiconductive Pb(Ti1−x_{1-x}Nix_{x})O3−x_{3-x} solid solutions: The effects of cation arrangement on band gap

We use a combination of conventional density functional theory (DFT) and post-DFT methods, including the local density approximation plus Hubbard $U$ (LDA+$U$), PBE0, and self-consistent $GW$ to study the electronic properties of Ni-substituted PbTiO$_{3}$ (Ni-PTO) solid solutions. We find that LDA calculations yield unreasonable band structures, especially for Ni-PTO solid solutions that contain an uninterrupted NiO$_{2}$ layer. Accurate treatment of localized states in transition-metal oxides like Ni-PTO requires post-DFT methods. $B$-site Ni/Ti cation ordering is also investigated. The $B$-site cation arrangement alters the bonding between Ni and O, and therefore strongly affects the band gap ($E_{\rm g}$) of Ni-PTO. We predict that Ni-PTO solid solutions should have a direct band gap in the visible light energy range, with polarization similar to the parent PbTiO$_{3}$. This combination of properties make Ni-PTO solid solutions promising candidate materials for solar energy conversion devices.Comment: 19 pages, 6 figure